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HIV Prevention
Research and Reports Archives
Following are links to the Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report or other sources,
and summaries from the CDC HIV/STD/TB Prevention
News Update.
February 2008 Titles and Briefly
"Correlates of Consistent Condom Use with Main
Partners by Partnership Patterns Among Young Adult Male Injection Drug Users
from Five US Cities"
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol. 91; Supplement 1: P. S56-S63, (11..2007)
F.
The researchers undertook the current study to examine correlates of consistent
condom use with a main partner among heterosexual male injection drug users (IDUs).
CDC Summary
IOM Releases Report on Best Practices for HIV Prevention Trials
http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=50526
UNITED STATES :
"Pre-Chewed Baby Food Said to Transmit HIV"
http://www.nytimes.com/ , (02.07.2008) Lawrence K. Altman
Over the last 15 years, researchers have documented three cases in the United
States of babies becoming HIV-infected through pre-chewed food prepared by an
infected parent or caretaker, Dr. Kenneth L. Dominguez of CDC and his colleagues
said Wednesday at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections in Boston. CDC Summary
Studies Examine 'Creative' Uses of Antiretrovirals Aimed at Preventing HIV
Transmission, San Francisco Chronicle Reports
http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=50301
Researchers Examine Effect of Male Circumcision on Female Partners
http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=50183
UGANDA:
"Male Circumcision No Aid to Women in Study"
New York Times, (02.04.2008) Lawrence K. Altman
Circumcising HIV-infected males may offer no protection against transmitting the
virus to their HIV-negative female partners, according to a study presented
Sunday at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in
Boston. CDC Summary
UNITED STATES:
"Social and Emotional Consequences of Refraining from
Sexual Activity Among Sexually Experienced and Inexperienced Youths in
California"
American Journal of Public Health Vol. 98; No. 1: P. 162-168,
(01..2008)
The objective of the current study was to examine adolescents' social and
emotional consequences of refraining from sexual activity (oral or vaginal sex)
and whether these consequences changed over time and by gender and sexual
experience.
Sex education programs "should address how adolescents can cope with or prevent
negative consequences of refraining from sexual activity, so that decisions to
abstain are rewarding and decisions to engage in sexual activity are motivated
by maturity and readiness," the researchers concluded. CDC
Summary
Medscape News
Circumcision Doesn't Protect Against HIV Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
In a study of U.S. black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM),
circumcision did not seem to reduce the risk of infection with HIV.
Reuters Health Information 2008
Literature Commentary by Dr. John G. Bartlett: HIV Prevention, January 2008
In this review and commentary: Two randomized clinical trials to evaluate
whether latex diaphragms or tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis reduce HIV
transmission in women.
Medscape HIV/AIDS 2008
See Fall 2007 Archives
Summaries
UNITED STATES:
"Correlates of Consistent Condom Use with Main Partners
by Partnership Patterns Among Young Adult Male Injection Drug Users from Five US
Cities"
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol. 91; Supplement 1: P. S56-S63, (11..2007)
F. Kapadia; M.H. Latka; S.M. Hudson; E.T. Golub; J.V. Campbell; S. Bailey; V.
Frye; R.S. Garfein; and for the DUIT Study Team
The researchers undertook the current study to examine correlates of consistent
condom use with a main partner among heterosexual male injection drug users (IDUs).
Data from a multi-site sample of young IDUs were used to identify 1,770 sexually
active men. Of these, 24 percent (n=429) reported an exclusive female partner,
while 49 percent (n=862) reported both main and casual female partners. Reports
of consistent condom use were low among both groups of men: 12 percent of those
with a main partner, and 17 percent of those with multiple partners.
Multivariate analysis showed consistent condom use with a main partner across
partnership patterns was directly associated with anticipating a positive
response to requests for condom use and partner support of condom use. There was
an inverse association between consistent condom use and the main partner’s
desire to become pregnant.
Among IDUs with an exclusive main female partner, there was an inverse
association between consistent condom use and needle sharing with the main
partner. Among those with multiple partners, consistent condom use with a main
partner was inversely associated with injecting with a used needle and with
intimate partner violence.
“The low prevalence of consistent condom use with main female partners among
heterosexually active male IDUs indicates an increased risk for HIV transmission
between men and their primary sex partners,” the authors concluded.
“Interventions for heterosexual males that are geared toward increasing condom
use in primary relationships are warranted.”
UNITED STATES :
"Pre-Chewed Baby Food Said to Transmit HIV"
http://www.nytimes.com/ , (02.07.2008) Lawrence K. Altman
Over the last 15 years, researchers have documented three cases in the United
States of babies becoming HIV-infected through pre-chewed food prepared by an
infected parent or caretaker, Dr. Kenneth L. Dominguez of CDC and his colleagues
said Wednesday at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections in Boston.
While HIV is present in the saliva of infected persons, its concentration is
generally too low to cause transmission. Blood from the food-chewer, from
inflammation or open sores, is apparently needed for viral transmission through
cuts or teething conditions in the baby’s mouth.
The researchers presented the cases to alert health and child care providers to
pre-chewing food as a potential route of infection. In addition, providers can
help inform officials about suspected cases so the risk can be measured, as it
may not be so rare, the team said.
Pre-chewing food may be an unrecognized risk, as well, in developing areas
without access to dental care, and where commercially prepared baby foods and
blenders are not available, so caretakers may need to soften foods, Dominguez
said.
The researchers, working with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis
and the University of Miami, ruled out other routes of infection - such as
breast-feeding, sexual abuse, and needle-sticks - in intensive investigations.
The investigators will try to determine whether hepatitis B or H. pylori
infections could also be transmitted through pre-chewed food.
All three US cases of HIV infection through pre-chewed food were
African-American, though the practice is prevalent among many ethnic and racial
groups, according to a recent CDC survey on infant feeding, Dominguez said.
“It’s likely that some cultural influences are involved, and I am sure that
people are doing what their grandmothers and aunties did in practices carried
through generations,” he said.
UGANDA:
"Male Circumcision No Aid to Women in Study"
New York Times, (02.04.2008) Lawrence K. Altman
Circumcising HIV-infected males may offer no protection against transmitting the
virus to their HIV-negative female partners, according to a study presented
Sunday at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in
Boston.
In recent years, three male circumcision studies in South Africa, Kenya, and
Uganda showed the procedure reduced female-to-male HIV infection risk by 50-60
percent. And last year, the World Health Organization endorsed male circumcision
among other HIV prevention strategies.
Some AIDS experts also believed circumcision of infected men could protect
female partners. And if fewer circumcised men got infected, that could also
benefit their sex partners, said a co-author of the new study, Dr. David Serwada
of Makerere University in Kampala. The study was a collaborative effort by
researchers from Johns Hopkins and Uganda.
The trial enrolled 1,015 HIV-infected men from an area with high HIV/AIDS
incidence who agreed to be randomly assigned to undergo circumcision immediately
or in two years. The presentation focused on 161 serodiscordant couples, among
them 93 immediately circumcised men and 68 male controls. In both groups, the
incidence of transmission was highest in the first six months of follow-up -
27.3 in the circumcised group and 17.8 in the control group. During the rest of
the study, the incidence was 5.7 in the circumcised arm and 4.1 in the control
group.
The study confirmed circumcised men had a lowered incidence of herpes and other
genital ulcers. The higher HIV incidence occurred among couples who began having
sex more than five days before a trained health expert certified the
circumcision wound had fully healed. However, these numbers are so small that
the findings are statistically insignificant, leaving the issue in need of
further study, said study co-author Dr. Maria Wawer of Johns Hopkins.
UNITED STATES:
"Social and Emotional Consequences of Refraining from
Sexual Activity Among Sexually Experienced and Inexperienced Youths in
California"
American Journal of Public Health Vol. 98; No. 1: P. 162-168,
(01..2008) Sonya S. Brady, PhD; Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, PhD
The objective of the current study was to examine adolescents' social and
emotional consequences of refraining from sexual activity (oral or vaginal sex)
and whether these consequences changed over time and by gender and sexual
experience.
In total, 612 adolescents (58 percent female) were recruited from two schools.
Participants were assessed at four time points separated by six-month intervals,
beginning in the fall of ninth grade.
The researchers found that the percentage of adolescents who reported only
positive consequences (e.g., friends were proud, they felt responsible)
dramatically decreased over time, while the percentage who reported negative
consequences (e.g., they felt left out, partner became angry) steadily
increased. Compared to adolescent boys and sexually inexperienced adolescents,
adolescent girls and sexually experienced adolescents were more likely to report
both positive and negative consequences. Adolescents who were sexually
experienced at the start of the study were more likely to report positive
consequences of refraining from sexual activity by the study's end than those
who initiated sexual activity later.
Sex education programs "should address how adolescents can cope with or prevent
negative consequences of refraining from sexual activity, so that decisions to
abstain are rewarding and decisions to engage in sexual activity are motivated
by maturity and readiness," the researchers concluded.
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