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MMWR and Reports
Summaries of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Reports (MMWR) and other reports
from the CDC HIV/STD/TB Prevention News Updates
Following are titles (and download links) for CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports.
The
entire reports are available to download using the links here. The recent reports
are available as PDF documents.
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For summaries of the following articles without direct links, go to the CDC website to read the MMWR at:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwrsrch.htm
“Surveillance for Acute Viral Hepatitis — United States, 2006,” was a
Surveillance Summary published in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(2008;57:SS-2).
Rapid HIV Testing in Outreach and Other Community Settings -- United
States, 2004-2006
The Advancing HIV Prevention initiative aims to increase the
proportion of persons aware of their HIV serostatus. How did a rapid HIV
testing strategy in outreach and other community settings fare?
MMWR 56(47) 2007
December 14, 2007 /
56(49);1291-1292
Updated Information
Regarding Antiretroviral Agents Used as HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis for
Occupational HIV Exposures
FDA Report (12/17/08)
One-Third of People With TB in U.S. Unaware of HIV Status, MMWR Report Says
http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=48487
June 29, 2007 / 56(25);634
Notice to Readers: Publication of Revised HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2005
now available.
2007;56
;625-628
"Symptomatic Early Neurosyphilis Among HIV-Positive Men
Who Have Sex with Men - Four Cities, United States, January 2002-June 2004"
CDC Summary in Medical News
March 16, 2007 / 56(10);222-225
Increases in Gonorrhea --- Eight Western States,
2000--2005
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is the second most commonly reported
notifiable disease in the United States (1). Gonorrhea increases the risk for
pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and acquisition and
transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (2). Nationally, reported
gonorrhea incidence rates have been either declining or stable since 1996,
although, in 2005, the national rate (115.6 cases per 100,000 population)
increased for the first time since 1999 (3).
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5610a4.htm Researchers are unsure
why the STI has increased in the West but attributed the increase in part to
risky sexual behaviors and methamphetamine use, according to Lori Newman, a
study co-author and CDC epidemiologist (Los Angeles Times, 3/16).
March 8, 2007
Racial/Ethnics Disparities in Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
- 33 States, 2001 - 2005CDC released a new surveillance report analysis of data from 33 states with
long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting showing that HIV remains a
crisis among African Americans (see
MMWR). Blacks represented 13 percent of the population in these states, yet
accounted for 51 percent of new HIV diagnoses between 2001 and 2005.
September 22, 2006 / 55(RR14);1-17
Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults,
Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings
CDC's recommendations urge providers to include HIV testing as a routine part of
their patients’ healthcare. Routine HIV testing ensures more people learn
whether they are infected with HIV, allowing them to benefit from earlier access
to treatment, and reduce the risk of infecting their partners.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm
November 18, 2005
CDC Reports Overall Leveling of HIV Incidence in
U.S.
CDC reports that the rate of HIV diagnosis in 33 States decreased
among African Americans from 2001 to 2004 but the rate of HIV diagnosis in this
population still remained disproportionately high. In 2004, the rate among
blacks was 8.4 times higher than among whites. Overall, HIV incidence in the
U.S. leveled off in 2004, falling from 22.8 new cases per 100,000 people in 2001
to 20.7 per 100,000 last year.
These findings, reported in the November 18 issue of CDC's Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, are based on data reported to 33 State and local
health departments with name-based HIV reporting. For the first time, the report
included statistics from New York, where about 20 percent of all new U.S. cases
occur. California, Illinois, and several other states that traditionally have
had high HIV incidence rates were not included in the data.
Although the number of new HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men
(MSM) remained relatively stable between 2001 and 2003, the number of new cases
among MSM increased 8 percent from 2003 to 2004. According to CDC, the increase
might be an indication that more MSM are being tested for HIV rather than an
increase in the number of HIV-infected MSM. New cases among injection drug users
decreased 9 percent during the study period, and cases linked to heterosexual
contact decreased by 4 percent. HAB Information E-mail/November 23
To view the report go to:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm.
June 24, 2005
Behavioral Surveillance Data on HIV Infection among
Black Men who have Sex with Men
In 2004 CDC funded 17 cities to study HIV-related behaviors among MSM. (Michigan
was not part of the 2004 study). The results from five of those cities
(Baltimore, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco) were published
in the June 24, 2005 MMWR
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5424a2.htm . The study showed
that 46 percent of Black MSM in the study were HIV-positive and 67 percent were
unaware of their infection before study participation.
January 21, 2005 / 54(RR02);1-20
Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After
Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the
United States
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5402a1.htm
October 29, 2004 / 53(42);983-985
Chlamydia Screening Among Sexually Active Young Female
Enrollees of Health Plans --- United States, 1999--2001
October 1, 2004 / 53(38);891-894
High-Risk Sexual Behavior by HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men ---
16 Sites, United States, 2000--2002
April 30, 2004 MMWR::
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5316a1.htm
Increases in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Neisseria
gonorrhoeae Among Men Who
Have Sex with Men --- United States, 2003, and Revised Recommendations for
Gonorrhea Treatment, 2004
February 20, 2004 / 53(06);129-131
Using the Internet for Partner Notification of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases --- Los Angeles County, California, 2003
An estimated one third of Internet visits by persons aged >18 years are to
sexually oriented websites, chat rooms, and news groups that enable users to
view sexual images or participate in online discussions of a sexual nature (1).
Although so-called "virtual sex" carries no risk for transmission of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), use
of the Internet to find partners for actual sexual activity does carry such risk
(2). During 2001--2003, of 759 men who have sex with men (MSM) and who had early
syphilis, 172 (23%) reported using the Internet to meet sex partners (Los
Angeles County Department of Health Services [LACDHS], unpublished data, 2003).
Because the Internet enables sex partners to maintain anonymity by withholding
identifying information (e.g., full name, address, and place of employment), it
poses challenges for public health authorities (3). Use of the Internet by
public health authorities to notify sex partners of persons with STDs has been
reported previously (2). This report describes two cases in Los Angeles County
(LAC), California, in which public health officials used the Internet to notify
partners who were otherwise anonymous. Local public health authorities might
develop similar strategies to use the Internet to reduce transmission of STDs.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5306a4.htm
February 20, 2004 / 53(06);125-129
"Heterosexual Transmission of HIV --- 29 States,
1999--2002
Worldwide, the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infections result from heterosexual transmission (1). To characterize
heterosexual transmission of HIV infections in the United States, CDC analyzed
data for 1999--2002 from the 29 states* that have met CDC standards (2) for
name-based HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reporting for >4
years†. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated
that heterosexually acquired HIV infections represented 35% of all new HIV
cases; 64% of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occurred in females, and
74% occurred in non-Hispanic blacks. To decrease the number of new
heterosexually acquired HIV infections, especially among certain minority
populations, culturally targeted education and prevention programs should be
provided, and barriers to HIV care and prevention services should be removed."
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5306a3.htm
Weekly Report (2004;52(51):1248-1252).
"Implementation of Named HIV Reporting - New York
City, 2001," was published in Morbidity and Mortality"
Reuters (12.31.03)::Paul Simao summary
In what appears to be a slight gender-based shift in US AIDS
cases, a study released Wednesday shows that women now account
for more than a third of new HIV diagnoses in New York City.
The data collected by the New York City Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene and published by CDC showed that 35 percent of
6,662 new HIV cases in the city in 2001 occurred among women.
Before 2001, 28 percent of AIDS patients diagnosed with HIV were
female. The study offered the first analysis of HIV data
collected under a 2000 state law requiring health-care workers to
report the names of newly diagnosed HIV or AIDS patients.
The findings offer an opportunity to improve HIV prevention
programs so they target everyone at highest risk of infection,
said Dr. Susan Manning, a CDC epidemiologist and a co-author of
the study. "Although we should continue to focus on the groups
that have the highest rates of diagnoses - males and non-Hispanic
blacks - we also should focus our prevention efforts more toward
women and younger people," she said. HIV in New York City remains
concentrated among men, non-Hispanic blacks and people ages 25-
44, Manning noted. In 2001, blacks accounted for about 54 percent
of new HIV diagnoses in the city.
Health experts have warned of a rise in HIV infections
among blacks and intravenous drug users (IDUs). Syphilis, which
can increase the likelihood of HIV transmission, has also been
increasing among gay and bisexual men. Responding to these
trends, CDC earlier this year recommended that routine HIV
testing be expanded to include pregnant women, IDUs and anyone
who engages in unsafe sex.
December 19, 2003; 52:1229-1232.
“Internet Use and Early Syphilis Infection among
Men who have Sex with Men – San Francisco, California, 1999-2003,”
As the association between syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) and
the use of the Internet as a means for meeting sex partners grows, health
departments must adopt new strategies for partner notification. In an analysis
of MSM diagnosed with early syphilis in 2002, the San Francisco Department of
Health (SFDPH) and the CDC found that Internet chat rooms and sex partner sites
were the most common venues for meeting partners – more common than bars,
bathhouses and sex clubs. Of those MSM interviewed for partner management,
nearly 45% reported meeting partners online, and one-fifth of those men had no
other locating information besides an e-mail address for online partners. Two
successful cases studies are highlighted in this report, underscoring that
Internet-based partner notification can be an effective tool for finding and
treating syphilis infections. Concerns about protecting confidentiality and
ensuring that messages are not discarded as junk e-mail, two common barriers to
online partner notification, are addressed in interim guidance developed by
SFDPH. Study authors also encourage health departments to collaborate with
Internet service providers to implement additional online prevention activities.
November 28, 2003 / 52(47);1145-1148
Increases in HIV Diagnoses --- 29 States,
1999--2002
Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996,
progression from receiving diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection to having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has slowed
substantially, making HIV-transmission patterns less predictable through AIDS
surveillance alone. Consequently, CDC has recommended that states report
diagnoses of HIV infections in addition to cases of AIDS (1). Recent estimates
of HIV diagnoses suggested a leveling of the downward trend in HIV infections
nationally and increases in HIV infections among certain populations (2).
Reports of syphilis outbreaks and increased unprotected sex raised concerns
regarding increases in HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM)
(3--5). In response to these developments, CDC analyzed trends in HIV diagnoses
in 29 states* that conducted name-based HIV/AIDS surveillance during 1999--2002.
This report summarizes the results of that study, which indicated that HIV
diagnoses increased among men, particularly MSM, and also among non-Hispanic
whites and Hispanics. The findings emphasize the need for new prevention
strategies to reverse potential increases in HIV transmission among these
populations.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5247a2.htm
July 18, 2003/Vol. 52/No. RR-12 (file size 402 KB)
"Incorporating HIV Prevention into the Medical Care of
Persons Living with HIV"
Recommendations of CDC, the Health Resources and Services Administration,
the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the
Infectious Diseases Society of America
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5212a1.htm
July 18, 2003/ Vol. 52(28):657-660).
"Rapid Increase in HIV Rates - Orel Oblast, Russian
Federation, 1999-2001"
July 11, 2003 /Vol. 52(27);634-636
"HIV Diagnoses Among Injection-Drug Users in
States with HIV Surveillance - 25 States, 1994-2000"
(2003;52(23):540-545).
"HIV Testing - United States, 2001"
April 18, 2003 / 52(15);329-332
"Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a
Changing Epidemic --- United States, 2003"
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5215.pdf
February, 2003;28:149-151
"Pregnancy in Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents
and Young
Adults - Puerto Rico, 2002,"
November 1, 2002,Vol. 51; No. 43:
"Primary and Secondary Syphilis - United States,
2000-2001"
September 26, 2002, Vol. 51; No. 38
"Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among Men
Who Have Sex
with Men -
New York City, 2001"
"Trends in Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School
Students
--- United States, 1991--2001"
May 17, 2002, Vol. 51; No. RR-7
"Guidelines for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among
HIV-Infected
Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical
Practices for Treatment of HIV"
May 13, 2002
New CDC Treatment Guidelines Critical to Preventing Health Consequences of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
The 2002 Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases can be ordered at
http://www.cdc.gov/std.
May 3, 2002
"Progressing Toward Tuberculosis Elimination in
Low-Incidence
Areas of the United States"
March 22, 2002,Vol. 51; No. 11
"Reporting of Laboratory-Confirmed Chlamydial
Infection and
Gonorrhea by Providers Affiliated with Three Large Managed Care
Organizations - United States, 1995-1999"
"Progress Toward Tuberculosis Control -
India, 2001"
"Tuberculosis Outbreak on an American Indian
Reservation -
Montana, 2000-2001"
March 15, 2002, Vol. 51, No. 10, P. 214-215
"Notice to Readers: Acquired Rifamycin Resistance in Persons with Advanced HIV Disease Being Treated for Active Tuberculosis with
Intermittent Rifamycin-Based Regimens"
February 8, 2002,Vol. 51, No. 05
"Progress Toward Elimination of Perinatal HIV
Infection -
Michigan, 1993-2000"P. 94-7
"Tuberculosis Morbidity Among US-Born and
Foreign-Born
Populations - United States, 2000"
April 13, 2001, Vol. 50, No. 14, P.262-265
"Prevalence of Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection
Among Adults ---
United States, 1997"
March 23, 2001, Vol. 50, No. 11, P. 201 and 204
"Tuberculosis Treatment Interruption--Ivanovo
Oblast, Russia
Federation, 1999 and Evaluation of a Directly Observed Therapy
Short Course Strategy for TB Disease--Orel Oblast, Russia,
Russian Federation, 1999-2000"
February 23, 2001, Vol. 50, No. 7,
P.113-117
"Primary and Secondary Syphilis --- United
States, 1999",
P.117-120
"Outbreak of Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex With
Men ---
Southern California, 2000",
January 5, 2001, Vol. 49, No. 51, P. 1153
"Serious Adverse Events Attributed to
Nevirapine Regimens for
Postexposure Prophylaxis After HIV Exposures--Worldwide,
1997-2000"
CDC HIV/STD/TB Prevention News Update
The CDC National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention provides
the synopses of key scientific articles on
HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis
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